2. which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
i. mutations always have a negative effect on the individual.
ii. mutations can have a positive effect on an individual.
iii. mutations can have no effect on an individual.
iv. mutations usually have a negative effect on an individual.
a. i only
c. i, ii, iii, and iv
b. i and iii only
d. ii, iii, and iv only

option D) II, III, and IV only

II. Mutations can have a positive effect on an individual.

III. Mutations can have no effect on an individual.

IV. Mutations usually have a negative effect on an individual.

Explanation:

The effects of mutation on the fitness of an organism include:

II) a mutation can be positive once it increases the fitness of the organism e.g the emergence of the malaria-resistant sickle cell hemoglobin gene (AS) instead of the AA gene that is susceptible to malaria attack.

III) a mutation that occurs in an amino acid that results in the use of a different, but chemically similar amino acid e.g a change from AAA to AGA will encode arginine, a chemically similar molecule to the intended lysine. This is called a NEUTRAL MUTATION - and it has no effect on the organism

IV) In general, mutations usually are deleterious - having negative effects - and reducing the fitness of organism. e.g Sickle cell anemia and hemophilia are due to mutations

I believe that the answer is A or C.

Explanation:

Hope this helps!

=)