5. How are the terms generalization and observation related?

Gen·er·al·i·za·tion
/ˌjen(ə)rələˈzāSH(ə)n/
Learn to pronounce
noun
a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases.

ob·ser·va·tion
/ˌäbzərˈvāSH(ə)n/
Learn to pronounce
noun
the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

transcription and translation

Explanation:

With the advancement of genetics and molecular biology, knowledge about the processes that govern the physiology of a cell has become increasingly focused on protein activity. Nowadays, different roles are attributed to other classes of molecules, such as glycids and lipids. Even so, even if indirectly, the entire functioning seems to depend on proteins, which are produced through the processes of transcription and translation.

The synthesis of a protein and its relation to the genetic code became known as the central tenet of molecular biology. In it, we understand that DNA molecules, in addition to templates for their own replication, are responsible for guiding the production of RNA that, in turn, coordinates the construction of proteins. The DNA of an organism can be understood as the union between small portions that encode its characteristics (gene regions) and large portions that have a structural role in the functioning of genes (intergenic regions). These small stretches, known as genes, are responsible for the synthesis of RNA molecules through transcription. These RNAs will then be integrated into the synthesis of a protein during the translation stage.