7. What did Samuel Morton study and what did he
conclude from his studies??

 He supported polygeny through his work measuring human skull volumes. He measured modern and ancient skulls and concluded that the human race (or species) could be ranked on a scale of intelligence. He concluded that the ancient Egyptians were not African, but were Caucasian.

If a plant cell had a mutation such that the cyclic electron flow is observed at a much higher rate, which photosystem is most likely mutated such that energy is absorbed at a lower rate?

PSI

PSII

PSII

Explanation:

Non-cyclic phosphorylation involves both PSI and PSII. The process starts with the splitting of water and excitation of electrons of the reaction center of PSII upon the absorption of solar energy at the wavelength of 680 nm. Any mutation in PSII would not allow the non-cyclic phosphorylation to occur when only cyclic phosphorylation would occur. The process of cyclic phosphorylation includes only PS I. Its reaction center absorbs maximum light at 700 nm and is cycled back while supporting ATP synthesis. Therefore, if a plant performs cyclic phosphorylation at a higher rate and absorbs less energy, this means that mutation was in PSII.