Describe the role of chiasmata in chromosome segregation during meiosis.

Explanation:

The phase of Prophase I of meiosis is very long and divided into 5 subphases: Leptotene, Zygote, Pachytene, Diplotene, and Diakinesis. During a phase of the Diplotene, the degree of condensation is high, which allows individualizing the sister- chromatids that remain attached by the cohesins. The synaptonemal complex disintegrates, and from the centromeres begins a repulsion between homologous chromosomes, which remain associated only with the places where they occur as permutations.

These sites are called chiasmas (Greek, crossed) because they show the crossover of homologous chromatids. Chiasmas represent the cytological finding of the occurrence of permutation. The presence of at least one bivalent chiasm is essential to ensure the correct segregation of the homologous chromosomes in anaphase I.

Inflammatory phase

Explanation:

This is the second  phase  of wound healing,which is   natural body response to injury. it begins with the trransudation (discharge)from the injured blood vessels  at the wound site of water, salt and protein fragments;leading to localized swelling.

Thus the inflammatory phase leads to  arrest of   bleeding at the site

The swelling  leads to engorgement of the injured area, which enable the cells for healing and repair( white blood cells WBC) to migrate to the injured site.  At this phase ,damaged cells and pathogens are removed from the wound area.

The sequence of  reactions  of WBC at the wound site, with the growth factors,and enzymes explained the   distinct redness, swelling, and pain characterized with the  inflammatory phase .thus  this phase also prevents infection.