Five species of frogs that live in separate habitats within 5 non-overlapping ranges along the mississippi river share a common ancestor. which process is most likely responsible for the formation of these five distinct species

The answer is Phylogenesis.
Phylogenesis refers to the process of the evolution or the development of a particular group of organisms such as frogs. The evolutionary history of the group of organisms is depicted in a family tree.  According to Phylogenetics, the relationships of the organisms are discovered by evaluating heritable traits, and DNA sequence.