•how are the organs of plants adapted to perform essential functions?
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Every plant organ is adapted to its function. For example, leaves that are big and flat absorb plenty of sunlight for photosynthesis. Long roots keep a tree stable and take water from deep in the soil. Some plants have unusual adaptations.

The central dogma of the molecular biology explains how information from DNA is translated into proteins. 
There are three distinct parts of this process.
Firstly, in the nucleus the DNA copies itself with help of different proteins in the process called replication.
In the second part, the information on the DNA is passed down to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process called transcription. In this process, with the help of proteins, the sequence of DNA is divided into triplets and transcribed into a single mRNA strand.
When the mRNA is formed it leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome, where the translation, which is the third part of the central dogma happens.
In this process, the triplet code on the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids with the help of the transport RNA (tRNA). Each triplet on mRNA compliments a triplet on the tRNA which transports one amino acid. When the whole sequence on the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids the primary structure of a protein is formed.