In the calm waters metaphor,
a. change is predictable and can be anticipated
b. the external environment is unstable, complex, and dynamic
c. the future is not unknowable; all decisions must be made without complete information
d. change is viewed as a temporary distraction in an otherwise predictable environment
e. a constantly changing environment is interrupted by brief periods of calm

D. change is viewed as a temporary distraction in an otherwise predictable environment

Explanation:

In the calm waters metaphor successful change requires

unfreezing the status quo,

changing to a new sate, and

freezing the new change to make it permanent.

The status quo simply means a predictable environment, an equilibrium state. To move from this equilibrium,unfreezing, is necessary. After unfreezing, the change itself can be implemented . As a result, it needs to be refrozen in order to sustain over time. Therefore, the change is viewed as a temporary distraction in an otherwise predictable environment. The objective of refreezing the entire equilibrium state, then, is to stabilize the new situation.

The answers is b