Part D - Hormonal Responses during Gastric Regulation Proper digestion requires the coordinated effort of many hormones with various effects. How do gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin influence digestion

The answer to the question above is explained below

Explanation:

How Gastrin influence digestion

Gastrin is a hormone the stomach produces that stimulates the release of gastric acid. It is located in the G cells in the lining of the stomach and upper small intestine. The gastric acid released allows the stomach to break down proteins swallowed as food and absorb certain vitamins and it also helps the body kill much of the bacteria naturally present on food. The secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in the stomach.

Gastrin is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid and, gastrin is released into the bloodstream when food enters the stomach and is carried by the circulatory system to the gastric cells in the stomach wall, where it triggers the secretion of gastric juice.

Negatively, Improper gastrin levels can instigate problems with digestion. It can release too much acid, which can create ulcers in the stomach and small intestine. Diarrhea can also occur if stomach acid levels are too high.

How cholecystokinin (CCK) influence digestion

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is in the duodenum, the introduction of hydrochloric acid, amino acids, or fatty acids into the stomach or duodenum, stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK). Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a polypeptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system which is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein and it is also responsible for  stimulating the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and the emptying of bile from the gall bladder.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by cells lining the upper intestine and by the hypothalamus, it plays a key role in facilitating digestion within the small intestine. CCK also acts as an appetite suppressant and has been studied for weight management regimens.

How secretin influence digestion

Secretin is a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the secretion of bile in the liver. The primary target of secretin is the pancreas.

Secretin has pleiotropic effects in several organ systems and has been termed a neuroendocrine hormone.  When hydrochloric acid passes from the stomach into the duodenum, secretin is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the duct cells of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate. The secretion of secretin is turned off when the pH level in the duodenum returns to normal.

Secretin: Inhibits gastrin, regulate the pH of the duodenum by stimulating the production of bicarbonate from the ductal cells of the pancreas.

The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:

Solar radiation

Nocturnal pollinators

Moist soil

Grazing animals

Nocturnal pollinators

Explanation:

Flowers are the reproductive organ of the flower which encloses the reproductive organs in very colourful petals which produce fragrance.

The colour of the petals, the fragrance, the nectar production and the opening of the flower are the result of the evolutionary adaptations under the force of natural selection (pollinators).

The flowers which open at night time are found in the areas where the nocturnal species are found in the highest number. The flower in this area opens at night with fragrance and the white petals so that they can attract the nocturnal pollinators.

Thus, Nocturnal pollinators are correct.