Question 3 (1 point) Which ribose carbon do you examine to determine if a nucleic acid is DNA or RNA?

There are two types of nucleic acids in biology: DNA and RNA. DNA carries the heritable genetic information of the cell and is composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides arranged in a helical structure. Each nucleotide subunit is composed of a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. The two strands associate via hydrogen bonds between chemically complementary nitrogenous bases. Interactions known as "base stacking" interactions also help stabilize the double helix. By contrast to DNA, RNA can be either be single stranded, or double stranded. It too is composed of a pentose sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. RNA is a molecule of may tricks. It is involved in protein synthesis as a messenger, regulator, and catalyst of the process. RNA is also involved in various other cellular regulatory processes and helps to catalyze some key reactions (more on this later). With respect to RNA, in this course we are primarily interested in (a) knowing the basic molecular structure of RNA and what distinguishes it from DNA, (b) understanding the basic chemistry of RNA synthesis that occurs during a process called transcription, (c) appreciating the various roles that RNA can have in the cell, and (d) learning the major types of RNA that you will encounter most frequently (i.e. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, miRNA etc.) and associating them with the processes they are involved with. In this module we focus primarily on the chemical structures of DNA and RNA and how they can be distinguished from one another.

MAD protein are mutants cells and they can be refers to as mitotic arrest deficient. MAD protein act by recruiting the anaphase inhibitor MAD2 to dissociate kinetochores and its essentials from MAD2-CDC20 complex formation in vivo.

However, there mutation will produce defective protein and checkpoint failure by resulting into aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is when a cell finishes the process of mitosis and produces daughter cells with few or too many chromosomes and aneuploidy causes more than 90% of human cancer.