The organelle depicted is a

chloroplast

Explanation:

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Scientists learn about the layers deep within the Earth's crust by studying how seismic waves travel ... Usually, they use seismic waves, which are waves generated by earthquakes

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Excellent question! Scientists use waves to study the different layers of the earth. Usually, they use seismic waves, which are waves generated by earthquakes or nuclear-test explosions. The seismic waves are bent, sped up, or slowed down, or even reflected when they pass through the earth's layers. Different types of materials (liquid vs. solid, rigid vs. softer) determine the speed of the waves. Bending of the waves occurs at the layer's boundaries. So, scientists study the path and speed of these waves through the earth to decipher boundaries and the materials that make up the layers.

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Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges. Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill.

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