Which statement about both type 1 diabetes and celiac disease is true?

a.) They are both more common in men.

b.) They are both caused by an attack on the endocrine system.

c.) They are both caused by exposure to gluten.

d.) They are both linked to genetics.

d.) They are both linked to genetics.

Explanation:

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus and celiac disease are autoimmune disorders that are caused by an immune response against the body's own or self antigens.

Type 1 Diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes occurs due to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the body's own immune cells. Beta cells are specialized cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin which controls blood sugar levels in the blood. As insulin is not produced, glucose remains in the blood, resulting in diabetes. Although the exact cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is unknown, mutations in several genes associated with human leukocyte antigen complex (HLA) such as HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 have been reported to cause type 1 diabetes.

Celiac Disease:

Celiac disease is caused by an autoimmune response produced against gluten or gluten proteins. The immune system recognizes gliadin, a component of gluten, as an antigen. This results in an immune system mediated inflammation of the intestinal epithelia. Celiac disease is also caused by mutations in the  HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes associated with HLA complex.

The amino acid is determined by a triplet of bases and the change to the base sequence is a gene mutation. Base substitution, addition and deletion changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Additional and deletion have a large effect on the amino acid sequence because of frame-shift. It alters every 3 base sequence which follows so forms completely new code after mutation. Substitution often has no effect i.e. silent mutation because different triplet may also code for the same amino acid. Substitution may also have a big effect on the amino acid sequence as it may produce stop codon. For example: the base sequence ATG mutated to ATT. This is a stop triplet, so the synthesis of protein would stop at this point. production of a non-functional protein.In terms of frameshift mutations you have deletion and insertion. Both of which change the amino acid sequence completely after rhe point of mutation.

Explanation: