Because industry X is characterized by perfect​ competition, every firm in the industry is earning zero economic profit. If the product price​ falls, no firm can survive. Do you agree or​ disagree? Discuss. This statement is A. correct because firms would be earning negative economic profit. B. incorrect because firms will increase supply in the long ​run, producing more output to offset the decrease in price. C. incorrect because firms will exit the industry in the long​ run, reducing supply until the price rises to the lowest point on the​ long-run average cost curve. D. incorrect because firms will produce in the short run as long as price is above the average fixed cost of production. E. incorrect because new firms will enter the industry in the long​ run, increasing demand until the price rises to the lowest point on the​ long-run average cost curve.

Deere & Company (DE)

1. Calculation of Ratios:

a) Return on total assets = Net income divided by the average total assets, multiplied by 100.

Year 3  = $1,523.9/$57,965 x 100 = 2.6%

Year 2  = $1,940.0/$ 59,642 x 100 = 3.3%

Year 1 =  $3,161.7 /$ 60,429  x 100 = 5.2%

b) Return on stockholders' equity: Earnings after taxes/Stockholders' equity x 100.

Year 3  = $1,523.9/$ 6,644  x 100 = 22.9%

Year 2  = $1,940.0/$7,912 x 100 = 24.5%

Year 1 =  $3,161.7 /$ 9,667  x 100 = 32.7%

c) Earnings per share: Net Income/No. of outstanding shares.

Year 3  = $1,523.9/315 = $4.84

Year 2  = $1,940.0/334 = $5.81

Year 1 =  $3,161.7 /363 = $8.71

d) Dividend yield:  This is equal to the annual dividend per share divided by stock price per share, and multiplied by 100.

Year 3  = $2.40/$92.03 x 100 = 2.61%

Year 2  = $2.40/$81.10 x 100 = 2.96%

Year 1 = $2.22/$85.58 x 100 = 2.59%

e) Price-earnings ratio:  This is equal to market price per share divided by the earnings per share.

Year 3  = $92.03/$4.84 = 19.0 times

Year 2  = $81.10/$5.81 = 13.9 times

Year 1 = $85.58/$8.71 = 9.8 times

Explanation:

a) Data

                                                Year 3          Year 2         Year 1

                                               ('millions)     ('millions)     ('millions)

Net income (loss)                   $1,523.9       $1,940.0     $3,161.7

Preferred dividends                    $ 0.00          $ 0.00       $ 0.00

Interest expense                      $763.7        $ 680.0     $ 664.0

Shares outstanding                    315              334            363

for computing earnings per share

Cash dividend per share          $ 2.40      $ 2.40        $ 2.22

Average total assets             $57,965    $ 59,642     $ 60,429

Average stockholders' equity  $ 6,644     $7,912       $ 9,667

Average stock price per share  $ 92.03   $ 81.10      $ 85.58

b) Return on total assets = Net income divided by the average total assets, multiplied by 100.  It shows how well a company generates net income from assets.

Year 3  = $1,523.9/$57,965 x 100 = 2.63%

Year 2  = $1,940.0/$ 59,642 x 100 = 3.25%

Year 1 =  $3,161.7 /$ 60,429  x 100 = 5.23%

c) Return on stockholders' equity: Earnings after taxes/Stockholders' equity x 100.  It demonstrates how much of the earnings after taxes are available to stockholders.

Year 3  = $1,523.9/$ 6,644  x 100 = 22.94%

Year 2  = $1,940.0/$7,912 x 100 = 24.52%

Year 1 =  $3,161.7 /$ 9,667  x 100 = 32.71%

d) Earnings per share: Net Income/No. of outstanding shares.  It shows in dollar terms how much of the earnings made by a company is available to stockholders on the average of each share.

Year 3  = $1,523.9/315 = $4.84

Year 2  = $1,940.0/334 = $5.81

Year 1 =  $3,161.7 /363 = $8.71

e) Dividend yield:  This is equal to the annual dividend per share divided by stock price per share, and multiplied by 100.  It shows how a company pays dividend each year in relation to its share price.

Year 3  = $2.40/$92.03 x 100 = 2.61%

Year 2  = $2.40/$81.10 x 100 = 2.96%

Year 1 = $2.22/$85.58 x 100 = 2.59%

f) Price-earnings ratio:  This is equal to market price per share divided by the earnings per share.  It shows if a company is overvalued or undervalued.

Year 3  = $92.03/$4.84 = 19.0 times

Year 2  = $81.10/$5.81 = 13.9 times

Year 1 = $85.58/$8.71 = 9.8 times

g) Ratios are used to present a picturesque view of a company's financial performance and position to make easily understood and compared with other companies in the industry and over the years (trend analysis).  They are important financial management and investment tools, which should, however, not be taken in isolation.