In the short run, the increase in government spending on infrastructure causes the price level torise above the price level people expected and the quantity of output torise above the natural level of output. The increase in government spending will cause the unemployment rate torise above the natural rate of unemployment in the short run.

A. $234,000 unfavorable

Explanation:

Calculation to determine Armstrong's direct material price variance

Using this formula

Direct material price variance=[(Standard cost-Actual cost)*Actual quantity]

Let plug in the formula

Direct material price variance=[($11-$24)*18,000)

Direct material price variance=$13*18,000

Direct material price variance=$234,000 Unfavorable

Therefore Armstrong's direct material price variance is $234,000 Unfavorable