Discuss/ define the law of multiple proportions and provide an example.

discuss/define the law of conservation of mass and provide an example.

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Explanation:

Law of conservation of mass:

According to the law of conservation mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical equation.

This law was given by french chemist  Antoine Lavoisier in 1789. According to this law mass of reactant and mass of product must be equal, because masses are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

For example:

In given photosynthesis reaction:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

there are six carbon atoms, eighteen oxygen atoms and twelve hydrogen atoms on the both side of equation so this reaction followed the law of conservation of mass.

Law of multiple proportion:

When two elements combine to form two or more compounds with different proportions, the weight of on element that combine with other elements in fixed proportion is in the ratio of small whole number.

For example:

Consider the example of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

CO and  CO₂

we are given with 1 g carbon on both case while 1.3 g oxygen for carbon monoxide and 2.6 for carbon dioxide. It means the ratio of oxygen is 1:2.

There is 1.3 g of oxygen in carbon monoxide for one g of carbon while in case of carbon dioxide there is 2.6 g of oxygen for one gram of carbon.

Metals: Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn

Non-metals: H, He, C, N, O, F, Ne, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar

Metalloid: B

Explanation: The first 30 elements are H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na,

Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn

Metallic elements are more electropositive (tending to form ions by donating electrons) with fewer electrons in their outer shell

Non-metallic elements are more electronegative (tending to form ions by accepting electrons) with more electrons in their outer shell

Metalloids are elements somewhere between, but without any specific clear boundary between them and metals/non-metals

group1 and group2 elements, with one or two outer electrons, are all metals: Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca

similarly the transition metals 21-30 are all electropositive and metals.

The noble gases He, Ne, Ar are gases that have completed outer shells and are non-metallic, likewise the halogens F, Cl with 7 outer electrons, and  O and S with 6 are non-metals. N and P (5 outer electrons) are non-metallic as are C and Si (4 outer electrons).

This leaves H, B, Al. H, with its single electron close to the nucleus is a non- metallic gas. Al (3 outer electrons) is metallic, but B, has its 3 electrons close to the nucleus and has the in-between character of a metalloid.