The degree of unsaturation, or index of hydrogen deficiency, is the number of pi bonds plus rings in a molecule. Specify the degree of unsaturation (index of hydrogen deficiency) of the following formulas: (a) C5H6
(b) C10H6Cl2
(c) C4H3NO

Explanation:

The degree of unsaturation is given as;

Degree of unsaturation = (2C + 2 + N - H - X) / 2

(a) C5H6

Using the formular above;

Degree of unsaturation = [ 2(5) + 2 - 6] / 2

Degree of unsaturation = [ 12 - 6 ] / 2 = 3

(b) C10H6Cl2

Using the formular above;

Degree of unsaturation = [ 2(10) + 2 - 6 -2 ] / 2

Degree of unsaturation = [ 22 - 8 ] / 2 = 7

(c) C4H3NO

Using the formular above;

Degree of unsaturation = [ 2(4) + 2 - 3 -1 ] / 2

Degree of unsaturation = [ 10 - 4 ] / 2 = 3

Note: Oxygen is ignored because its presence has no effect on the degree of unsaturation.

b. the masses of the nucleus and electron cloud are balanced.

Explanation:

1) From J.J. Thompson plum pudding model of the atom, and thereafter, it is know the the mass of the electrons are much, much smaller than the mass of an atom.

2) Also, from Ernest Rutherford gold foil experiment, it was determined that the atom consisted of a small and heavy positvely charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.

3) As per the scientific evidence, the current atom model (quantum model) we know that:

a. It is true that the electron cloud takes up much more space than the nucleus: the electrons are in regions called orbitals which are around the tiny nucleus.

b. It is not true that the masses of the nucleus and electron cloud are balanced: the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons are:

1 : 1 : 1 / 1840.

Which means that the nucleous contains almost all the mass of the atom.

c. It is true that the electrons move much faster than the particles in the nucleus: the particles in the nucleous stand in a very reduced space whose motion is only vibrational, while the electrons move rapidly i n the orbitals.

d. It is true that the charges of the nucleus and electron cloud are balanced: the atom is neutral because the positive charges of the nuclous equals the negative charges of the electrons.