The proton numbers of three elements represented by the letters P, Q, and R are given as follows:

P: 4. Q: 13 R:16

What will be the charges of the most stable ions of P, Q and R?

D. The lone pair forces bonding atoms away from itself.

Explanation:

The lone pairs are found in the outermost shell thereby making sharing of electrons easier. Lone pairs which are found in a covalent bond creates a bond angle which makes it a determinant of the bond angle.

The lone pairs which are negatively charged repulses the bond pairs thereby creating a distortion in the shape of the molecule.

The lone pairs creates the distortion by forcing bonding atoms away from itself.