What is the actual yield of a reaction? What is the percent yield of a reaction? How do the actual yield and the percent yield differ from the theoretical yield?

Orbital notation shows the spin of the electrons.

Explanation:

The dot structure only shows the valence electrons as dots around the chemical symbol of the element. For instance, the carbon atom has atomic number 6, which means that it has 6 protons and 6 electrons. Four of the 6 electrons are the valence electrons, so the dot structure shows the symbol C with for dots around: each dot is one valence electron.

The orbital notation is a representation of the electron configuration that uses arrows over blanks to represent the electrons. The arrows pointing upward indicate one spin and the arrows pointing downward indicate the other spin (remember that there are only two possible values for the spin quantum number, +1/2 and - 1/2).

Following the example of carbon, you have the following orbital notation:

⇅   ⇅      ↑     ↑      

1s     2s             2p  

That representation shows:

two electrons on the orbital 1s, one arrow represents the +1/2 spin and the other represents the - 1/2 spin. two electrons on the orbital 2s, again one arrow represents the + 1/2 spin and the other represents - 1/2 spin.There are three 2p orbitals: one of the orbitals has one arrow pointing upward, other orbital has one arrow pointing upward, and the last orbital is empty. That means that the two electrons are in different orbitals and have the same spin (both arrows pointing in the same direction).