Does clicking ads and pop ups like the one shown in this image could expose your computer to malware?

Yes, clicking adds/popups like the one in the image could cause your computer/electronic to catch viruses/malware.

Explanation: The cause to this is when you click an ad/popup you're exposing yourself to a potential dangerous/visious site. You're unaware to where the popup could bring you, and for all we know it could bring us to a fake site for a download which is really a visious malware to be downloaded to your device.