A british settlement in the new world. many of these eventually became states

If you're looking for a word that matches the given definition, I believe the answer you are looking for is colonies.

Explanation:

There were originally 13 British colonies in North America, hence the 13 stars on the flag. After the American Revolution, these colonies became states. Over the years, America gained more territory and eventually made more states out of said territory.

  The true statements about the windmill scene in the excerpt of Dom Quixote related to the image are:

   B: It icludes opposing viewpoints.

   Dom Quixote seems to make himself a fool, and his friend Sancho thinks he is really mad, but when he explains his points of view, that to him, the windmills are giants, he shows that everything depends on the way a person looks at anything, and that things changes all the time.

   E: It is a metaphor for something else.

   The metaphor is related to these opposing viewpoints. The battle against the windmills looks unuseful, and it seems to be a waste of time, but Dom Quixote shows that even though a battle is alreadly lost, anyone has the rights to fight for their beliefs.

   F: It reveals a multidimensional character.

   At the same time that Dom Quixote seems to be a lunatic, he has some insights that reveal his social criticism. Between his madness, vanity  and  sometimes humility, Dom quixote has his own vision of an ideal life.