"not one as can split a sparrow off a tree or knows a horse clod from a minneball" What is the meaning of this piece of text?

first of all, obstinate means: firmly or stubbornly adhering to one's purpose, opinion. so, something one of your friends might be obstinate about is something they firmly or stubbornly believe in. some examples would be: religion, favorites, also, "if you describe someone as obstinate, you are being critical of them because they are very determined to do what they want, and refuse to change their mind or be persuaded to do something else. he is obstinate and determined and will not give up" (collin's dictionary)

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