3.how did spain benefit from the treaty of tordesillas and the line of demarcation?
a. spain won exploration and trading rights over half of the non-european world.
b. spain gained territory in europe.
c. spain no longer had ties to the catholic church.
d. spain's population pressure was relieved.

The correct answer is A. Spain benefited from the Treaty of Tordesillas winning exploration and trading rights over half of the non-European world.

The treaty established a dividing line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. To the west of that line, Spain would have exclusivity of exploration and establishment of colonies, the same with respect to Portugal to the east of that dividing line.

As a result, Portugal guaranteed its rights over Brazil and the exploration of Africa; while Spain secured its supremacy in the exploration and colonization of the American continent, recently discovered (with the exception of Brazil).

Explanation:

The two-party system came into being because the structure of U.S. elections, with one seat tied to a geographic district, tends to lead to dominance by two major political parties. Even when there are other options on the ballot, most voters understand that minor parties have no real chance of winning even a single office. Hence, they vote for candidates of the two major parties in order to support a potential winner. Of the 535 members of the House and Senate, only a handful identify as something other than Republican or Democrat. Third parties have fared no better in presidential elections. No third-party candidate has ever won the presidency. Some historians or political scientists might consider Abraham Lincoln to have been such a candidate, but in 1860, the Republicans were a major party that had subsumed members of earlier parties, such as the Whig Party, and they were the only major party other than the Democratic Party.