Ahistorical argument is a stance or viewpoint that:
a. does not reflect a historian's personal biases.
b. promotes a certain perspective on past events.
c. attempts to refute possible criticisms of a claim.
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d. summarizes another historian's conclusions.
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promotes a certain perspective on past events.

Explanation:

B. Griôs e caciques.

Explanation:

In Africa and especially in West Africa, Griots performed the very important role of passing down the stories of the past in a society. They told these stories to the people and entertained them with it but in so doing, passed down the history of the tribe from one generation to the other.

In Native American culture, the chiefs held this privilege. The previous chief would pass on what they knew to the current one who would then pass it on as well. They used this history to rule their people and judge them accordingly in the way they believed their ancestors would have.