analyze efforts in the pursuit of freedom; including anti-apartheid, Tiananmen Square, and the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Latitude

If you could stand at the center of the earth, you could look out at the surface of the earth all around you. With the North Pole directly above your head, if you looked straight ahead in any direction, you would be looking at the equator. This imaginary line is exactly halfway between the north and south poles and has a latitude of 0 degrees because you are looking straight ahead at an angle of 0 degrees. If you look up a bit, maybe at an angle of 30 degrees, you have increased your latitude to 30 degrees North. Continue to look up higher and higher until you are looking straight above you at the north pole which is 90 degrees North.  

Maybe this image will help:

The same thing happens if you look down under the equator. The degrees increase until you are looking straight below you at the south pole which is at 90 degrees south latitude.  

Just like the equator is a line drawn around the earth at 0 degrees latitude, you can draw a line around the earth at any latitude. Draw a lot of these lines and you will see something like this:

90 degrees north and 90 degrees south are are actually just points, not circles. Notice that each latitude is parallel to all others. The actual distance between latitudes is always the same. But, since greater latitudes are closer to the poles, circumferences get smaller as latitudes increase.

Longitude

Longitude is the angle east or west around the earth, just like latitude is the angle north and south. Longitude lines are called meridians.