How do geographers use elements of geography to study the earth?

One of the most prominent ways in which they do this is to look at how the continents used to be conjoined (using their coasts as evidence) to draw conclusions on how they "broke apart" to form the land masses we have today. 

The Reconstruction era was the period after the American Civil War from 1865 to 1877, during which the United States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans. Presidential Reconstruction, from 1865 to 1867, required little of the former Confederate states and leaders. Radical Reconstruction attempted to give African Americans full equality.

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