How were the explorations of john cabot and christopher columbus similar?

Both were commissioned explorers.

Explanation:

John Cabot was a Venetian explorer and navigator that as commissioned by England especially King Henry VII of England to “seek out, discover and find” new lands for England.

Christopher Columbus was commissioned by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to the Americans, he was responsible for the beginning of the colonization in the Americas.

One of the ways in which the explorations of John Cabot and Christopher Columbus were similar was that both "were commissioned explorers", since they were operating under the Age of Exploration in Europe. 

a. The use of analogy emphasizes the challenges those running for office face.

Explanation:

With these words, Bacon wanted to show how the path to the position that the men were applying for was very difficult, but the trajectory within those positions was more arduous and even more difficult, where responsibilities and obligations became pains that generated more pain, besides furthermore, it shows that the path is full of indignities, but it is through them that men manage to achieve dignity within their office.

In summary, we can say that the use of the analogy emphasizes the challenges that job candidates face.