ICBMs changed the course of the Arms Race because now, missiles could be carried short distances, which increased threats between the US and USSR because nuclear war became easier to start.

1) Factory system is much more efficient than the earlier Putting-Out system, because is sticks together workers and machines in one place to produce goods on a large scale. It lead to faster production of these goods with decent quality.

2) There are no options provided, but I've searched the Internet and found these options. And I think that correct answer is: Transportation spurred industry because rivers, ports, canals, and railroads aided the shipment of goods to many places

3) Is the same as first question.

4) There are no options to choose, but I can help you by giving you the idea and maybe you'll find correct option by yourself. Middle class was created because of increasing gap between rich and poor people as a result of industrialization. This was predicted by Marx.

5) Faster production lead to the emersion of stockholders who were selling the production to businesses on a large scales. Companies became corporations, because of these stockholders. These companies sold stock to investors to get a capital to invest in new technologies.

6) Manufacturing needed big financing and it needed to be controlled. So this is one of the most important reasons why Big Business was emerged. Big Business financed manufacturing and distribution of goods.

7) As far as I remember mines got for financing but working conditions became more dangerous because of fast production. Factories also got more financing and new technologies like steam engines, sewing machines and so on.

8) In 19th century other countries acquired new technologies needed to improve their economies. It's the most obvious reason as for me.

9) Darwin's evolution theory was controversial in the eighteen hundreds because in these times a huge part of society had no social, religious, or political objections.

10) The main goal of the realist writers and artists is truth and accuracy. They wanted to picture the life how it is.

11) There's no options.

12) English schools, for example, started to teach their students by different specializations to grow up educated specialists. Quality of Education has increased an there were more opportunities to acquire a grade.