In your own words, explain why the Islamic empire was not a caliphate for much of its history.

The European country that set up a trading center called New Amsterdam was the Netherlands.

Explanation:

New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch fortified settlement located in the Hudson River River Valley, part of the New Netherlands colony of North America, and which would later become the city of New York.

Founded in 1625 by the Dutch West Indies Company, the city was located on the southern tip of the island of Manhattan, a strategic and defensible place for river access to the fur trade in the Hudson Valley.