Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in response to which of the following?

The demands of the Holy Orders of Knighthood

Saladin's defeat of Richard the Lionheart

The Byzantine Emperor's plea for help against the Seljuk Turks

The visions of Nicholas of Cologne and Stephen of Cloyes

The Age of Exploration is considered to have occurred mostly with four European nations, which included: Portugal, Spain, France and England. Each of these countries experienced the same forces that pushed them to explore the world, but they also shared one important characteristic.

Explanation:

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