The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a group of people

That's called nationalism.

Lunar.

Explanation:

Some early calendars developed by the Chinese, Egyptians and Hebrews were based on the cycles of the moon because the cycles of the moon provides precise and accurate time. The formation of calendar by the ancient Egyptians also discovered the lunar year and then they were able to divided the year into seasons, months, days and hours. The moon changes its shape shows that the month is starts and ends.