This group classified jobs in the federal government in 1880

Civil Service Commission was created to classify jobs and grant them based no merit. This was to help ensure that jobs were not given for politically motivated reasons. This commission filled vacancies using examinations. Originally these classified employees could later be removed from office easily, however this back door of sorts was later closed by a presidential executive order.

A republic is any government that doesn't have a supreme leader. Many people confer with each other and make decisions.