What is Johnson’s belief regarding social change? Social change must be based on economic surplus.

Social change must be a never-ending process.

Social change comes from communities, not individuals.

Social change is born from boredom and restlessness.

ANSWER : B - Social change must be a never-ending process.

The use of bureaucracies and the use of the military to maintain centralized control

Ming

The government officials were chosen through civil service exams. The military drove out Mongol invaders and was used for absolute authority.

Ottoman

Ruled by the sultan and the vizier. They never developed a legal procedure for accession, which was a source of instability and weakness.

Mughal

Were based on the mansabdari system, which is a military administrative system developed by Gemini’s Khan.

Inca

The Incans were ruled by Sapa Inca and they had a central authority thanks to the military helping the government control the citizens.

The use of religious ideas to legitimate rule

Ming

Buddhism was the main religion. But with excessive trading, the merchants that went out to trade brought back new ideas of Christianity and that made the government believe trade was ruining their culture, so they made foreigners pay tribute to trade.

Ottoman

The Ottoman Empire was a Sunni Islamic state. There was no separation of religious and secular law in the early Ottoman Empire and the Shari’a was recognized as the law of the empire.

Mughal

The empire was Muslim and that allowed freedom of religion if they paid a tax. There was no separation between secular laws and religious laws. The empire’s ruling class was Muslim, but most of the subjects were Hindu, causing a religious tolerance.

Inca

Religion was used to rule the elite and legitimize both their own privileged position within Inc society and to spread the general belief of Inca superiority over the subjects of their vast empire.

The use of economic systems to generate revenue

Ming

They turned inwards limiting trade, making less imports to increase the economy’s wealth to strengthen the economy.

Ottoman

Through commercial trade, the economy developed its economic structure by its geography. Controlling trade between the west and east, and often taxing merchants that pass by the region.

Mughal

The empire was the midway point between Eastern and Western Asia, making it a prime location for merchants.

Inca

They had no currency, commerce, or class of traders. Everything families needed were produced by themselves.