Which of the following titles best composts the graphic organizer m?
a) scientific discoveries of the aztecs
b) academic work of medical monastics
c) contributions of early muslim scholars
d) achievements of renaissance humanist

Multiple Trajectories of Islam in Africa

Islam had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century

A.D., only a few decades after the prophet Muhammad moved with his

followers from Mecca to Medina on the neighboring Arabian Peninsula (622

A.D./1 A.H.). The Arab conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as

the Indus River culminated in an empire that stretched over three continents,

a mere hundred years after the Prophet’s death. Between the eighth and

ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African clerics, began to

spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and to the western and

central Sudan (literally, “Land of Black people”), stimulating the development

of urban communities. Given its negotiated, practical approach to different

cultural situations, it is perhaps more appropriate to consider Islam in Africa in

terms of its multiple histories rather then as a unified movement.

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