Which option describes a scientific innovation during the renaissance? a) the julian calendar, consisting of 12 months and 365 days was invented b) concrete was invented and used to build monuments such as the pantheon and the colosseum c) a complex legal system with terms such as habeas corpus, pro bono, and affidavit was created d) the heliocentric theory that proposed a sun centered universe was established

The correct answer is: D). The heliocentric theory that proposed a sun centered universe was established.

Nicolaus Copernicus is one of the greatest figures from the Renaissance. He was born in Poland in 1743 and studied mathematics and astronomy. Copernicus refuted the idea that the Earth was the centre of the universe and developed the Heliocentric theory that states that the sun is the center of the universe and that planets revolve around it.

This was first presented eighteen centuries earlier by Aristarchus of Samos but it was Nicolaus Copernicus the one who developed the mathematical model of a heliocentric universe and dedicated his whole life to defend this theory.

During the reign of Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, and remained firmly Roman Catholic. Philip saw himself as a champion of Catholicism, both against the Muslim Ottoman Empire and the Protestants.

As the Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies, and his word less effective than that of local lords.

When Philip’s health began failing, he worked from his quarters in the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial, which he built with Juan Batista de Toledo and which was another expression of Philip’s commitments to protect Catholics against the raising influence of Protestantism across Europe.

Philip’s foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervor and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Turks and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation.

Wars with Dutch Provinces, England, France, and the Ottoman Empire all had the undermining religious aspects of protecting Catholicism in increasingly Protestant Europe or protecting Christianity against Islam.

Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict, evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject.

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