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D. a vertical transformation of f(x) four units downward

Step-by-step explanation:

f(x) = |x|

In f(x), for every x value you input into x, you get a corresponding y value.

Now look at g(x) = |x| - 4

The part |x| of g(x) gives you the same y-value for each x value as you had in f(x). The part -4, makes each y-value 4 less than it was in f(x). Since every y-value is 4 lower than the corresponding y-value of f(x), the function g(x) is a vertical translation of f(x) four units downward.