Coincidences are always signs of causation

True

False

False.

Explanation:

The coincidences do not necessarily have to be the result of a causation, but can also come from the performance of similar processes, which have been intentionally followed to replicate successful or functional processes to a certain activity.

Thus, a coincidence in a physical reaction is not necessarily random, but is sometimes the result of a process of replication of the method that originates the event in question.

a    

b    

c  

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

   The magnitude of electric dipole moment is  

     The electric field is

The distance between the positive and negative charge center is mathematically evaluated as

Where  e is the charge on one electron which has a constant value of  

  Substituting values

The maximum torque is mathematically represented as

Here  

This because at maximum the molecule is perpendicular to the field

    substituting values

The workdone is mathematically represented as

where   is the potential energy at 180° which is mathematically evaluated as

Where the negative signifies that it is acting against the  field

   substituting values

and

      is the potential energy at 0° which is mathematically evaluated as

   substituting values

So