In Pavlov's experiment, after many pairings of the tone and meat powder, dogs would salivate to the tone when presented alone. In this situation, salivating to the tone is an example of a(n):

The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Andrew Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished South.

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