Traditionally, female delinquents were viewed as sexual oddities whose criminal activity was a function of having masculine traits and characteristics, referred to as the .

b. masculinity hypothesis

Explanation:

The masculinity hypothesis was developed by Messerschmidt to explain gendered bias in expressing masculinity through criminal behavior.

The idea is that when the person doesn't have stability in the masculine traits, like having a job, steady family, money success, they might be prone to violent behavior to express their toughness which is linked with gendered ideas of masculinity.

Women's gender norms tend to go a different way, so even when female delinquents fall out of their standard normative behavior, they would fall under this masculinity hypothesis.

With a Constitutional Monarchy, an elected or hereditary Monarch is the head of state (not a sole source of power). There is a also Government that works along with the Queen or King. ... Direct Democracy is where the citizens are included in the decisions the Government makes, but the Government is still in charge.