1.) explain the processes that take place in the stroma including the reactants going in and the products produced from these processes in (a) bright sunlight and in (b) darkness (c) what happens over an extended period of darkness of many days.

2.) list the products of glycolysis. how many atp molecules are produced and consumed by glycolysis? what affect does the presence of oxygen have on the events that follow glycolysis?

3.) discuss the relationship between mitosis and cytokinesis. what would be the result if one happened without the other?

4.) explain how human embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and skin cells taken from the same person would be the same and how they would be different. explain what causes the differences you describe.

Answer No 1:

a) The process of Calvin Cycle occurs during the time of bright sunlight. Calvin cycle is a process through which ATP and NADPH are utilized to make sugar from carbon dioxide molecules.

b) In darkness, the process of Calvin Cycle continues in the stroma. ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into water.

c) If a plant is kept in darkness for a long period of time, then the synthesis of light dependent products, ATP, would be less. As a result, the plant will not be able to carry out photosynthesis.

Answer No 2:

The products of glycolysis are 2 molecules of pyruvates, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of ATP.

4 molecules of ATP  are formed in total,out of which 2 molecules of ATP are lost.

The presence of oxygen acts as a signal to move pyruvate molecules into the organelle, mitochondria. As a result, 3 times more ATP are formed than the process of glycolysis. This process can be termed as cellular respiration.

Answer No 3:

Without the process of cytokinesis, the process of mitosis cannot take place. Mitosis can be described as a process of cell division by which 2 daughter cells are formed which are identical to the parent cell.

Cytokinesis can be described as the process of division of nucleus. If cytokinesis did not  occur with mitosis then a single cell will end up having two nuclei.

If cytokinesis occurs but mitosis does not, then the cell willeither divide from the nucleus or a cell will be formed without the nucleus. In both cases, cell death would occur.

Answer No 4:

Similarity: The  DNA in the embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells and skin cells of the same person would be similar. They will have the same chromosomes.

Differences:

Embryonic stem cells have the capability to divide into every cell of the body. They are known to be pluripotent.

The adult stem cells cannot divide into every cell of the body, yet can divide into some cell types only. They are multipotent.

Skin cells can divide only into skin cells, not any other type of cells.

all of them

Explanation: