For this assignment, you will write an essay describing the production of protein molecules through transcription and translation. your essay should include discussions of the following:

dna
mrna
rna polymerase
base pairing
transcription
translation
trna
rrna
ribosomes
amino acids
protein

.        Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a gene segment of DNA which ultimately contains the information on the primary sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized. The genetic code as translated is for m-RNA not DNA. The messenger RNA carries the code into the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. The cell does not contain large quantities of mRNA. This is because mRNA, unlike other RNAs is constantly undergoing breakdown. 

2.       In the cytoplasm, ribsomal RNA (rRNA) and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome serves as the site and carries the enzymes necessary for protein synthesis. The ribosome attaches itself to m-RNA and provides the stabilizing structure to hold all substances in position as the protein is synthesized. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single RNA at any time.   

3.       Transfer RNA (tRNA) contains about 75 nucleotides, three of which are called anticodons, and one amino acid. The tRNA reads the code and carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein. Part of the tRNA doubles back upon itself to form several double helical sections. The tRNA "reads" the mRNA codon by using its own anticodon. The actual "reading" is done by matching the base pairs through hydrogen bonding following the base pairing principle. Each codon is "read" by various tRNA's until the appropriate match of the anticodon with the codon occurs.

The flow of energy is always unidirectional. The energy passes from primary producers to primary consumers. From the primary consumers, the energy is passed to secondary consumers and then to tertiary consumers. Thus the energy pyramid is always upright.

Explanation: