Summarize the structure of dna. include information about the nitrogenous bases, sugars, and composition of the backbone. which nitrogenous bases pair up together in dna? rna? explain where covalent and hydrogen bonds are located. also, fully explain the process of the central dogma (dna, rna, proteins) in correlation of protein synthesis (dna transcription and translation).

DNA backbone is made up of deoxyribose monomer sugars as the basic unit that are covalently connected in chains. Each deoxyribose sugar is a five (5)-carbon ring. The  5’ carbon covalently bonds with a phosphate while the 3’ carbon bonds to the next deoxyribose carbon ring. The 1’ carbon is covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base (either Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine ).

In DNA, Cytosine pairs with Guanine, and Adenine pairs with Thymine. In RNA, the same principle applies only that RNA has no Adenine base but Uracil. Therefore, Thymine pairs with Uracil while, similar to in DNA, Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

Covalent bonds occur in virtually all the bonds except between nitrogenous base pairs of opposite strands of DNA.

The central Dogma stipulates that DNA --à RNA--àProtein. During transcription, information on DNA is copied to messenger- RNA.  In eukaryotes messenger- RNA moves to the cytoplasm where it is then translated to protein by ribosomes.  In prokaryotes, since there is no nucleus, the mRNA is translated even as transcription continues.

In this story old major make a new kind of religion "animalism". they also make 7 commandments; which show other animals the right way to live and who to trust and not to trust. So basically he laying down the law for the others to follow. According to Old Major, rebellion is the path to freedom. He thinks that overthrowing the human race would make animals “rich and free” and they would get what he thinks they deserve. He makes the animals belive that all humans are the enemy and they should rebel against all humans so that they can have their way. So really their like little kids throwing a fit when they don't get their way. obnoxious much