What causes the formation of volcanoes?

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Volcanoes often form in the areas where tectonic plates make contact. The friction created between two plates by the constant movement melts the Earth's crust, causing the rock underneath the crust to turn into magma due to the great temperatures created by friction.

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Natural selection and speciation: 'Ecological speciation'. ... Natural selection is generally recognized as a central mechanism of evolutionary change within species. Thus, natural selection plays a major role in generating the array of phenotypic and genetic diversity observed in nature.