What ion forms a concentration gradient as a result of the electron transport chain?

In both cases of where the electron transport chain is present in both processes of energy conservation, cellular respiration and photosynthesis, the ion that forms the concentration gradients as a result would be the Hydrogen ion concentration gradient.

1.    Describe how energy and matter move through the environment under 
A. Aerobic conditions -Photosynthesis and Respiration
-After photosynthesis occurs, the plant enters the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle uses the by-product of photosynthesis which is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide combined with water yields glucose (used as food) and oxygen that is released back into the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, respiration occurs which uses the oxygen and glucose to yield carbon dioxide and water which starts the carbon cycle.

B. Anaerobic conditions Muscle respiration 
-This process does not require the use of oxygen.
Glucose stored in the body is used during muscle respiration to produce lactic acid and energy that is used for movement. 

2.     What is chemosynthesis?
- Chemosynthesis relies on chemical reactions to produce food. Inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen enter into a chemical reaction that yields sugar, sulfur, and water, Chemosynthesis occurs most commonly in deep-sea ecosystems where the sun cannot penetrate.

3.    How do chemosynthetic organisms get energy?

-      Chemosynthetic organisms make use of chemicals found on the seafloor or on the sea environment. They convert these chemicals through a reaction that yields glucose (which the plants use for food) and sulfur as by-products. In turn, other organisms will use the sulfur by-product to initiate another chemosynthetic reaction to create food.