Which of the following are abiotic factors that affect survival and reproduction of organisms? a. parasitism, disease, and predation c. light intensity, type of soil, and predation b. ph level, water availability, dissolved gasses, and disease d. dissolved gasses, light intensity, ph level, and water availability

d. dissolved gasses, light intensity, pH level, and water availability

Explanation:

There are two types of factors which affect survival and reproduction of organisms, biotic and abiotic. Biotic factors are the living components and abiotic components are the non living components of ecosystem. Their interaction with each other affects the ecosystem and has an impact on the organisms of ecosystem.

Here, all options except d has some or the other biotic factor. Only option d has all abiotic factors which are dissolved gases, light intensity, pH level and water availability. Hence, option d is the correct answer.

The answer is d: 'dissolved gasses, light intensity, pH level, and water availability'. This is the correct answer as all the factors listed in option d are abiotic, whereas some or all of the factors listed in the rest of the options are biotic. 

A 3:1 Ratio is the relative fraction of phenotypes among progeny (offspring) results following mating between two heterozygotes, where each parent possesses one dominant allele (e.g., A) and one recessive allele (e.g., a) at the genetic locus in question—the resulting progeny on average consist of one AA genotype