Which process can occur in both mitosis and meiosis? A. Crossing over
B. Gene mutation
C. Independent assortment
D. Fertilization

Mitosis and meiosis can both be influenced by mutation of genes.

Gene mutation refers to a change to the DNA sequence of organisms. Mutation can be of different kinds, including deletion, substitution, or insertion of base sequence into genes.

Gene mutation can happen during, before, or even after meiosis and mitosis.

More on mutation can be found here: link

B. Gene mutation

Explanation:

Stable changes in the DNA strand that are capable of being inherited are known as mutations.

The truly transcendent mutations for the offspring are those that are present or occur in germ cells (ovules and sperm).

The mutations that occur than can lead to small changes, large changes (causing disease: pathogenic mutations), or be silent.

In osmosis, molecules cross the cell's plasma membrane to achieve equilibrium.

Explanation:

A bilipid layer called a plasma membrane typically surrounds cells. Here, lipid molecules are arranged tail-to-tail, with their heads facing outwards. The heads of the lipids, are water soluble, while the tails are insoluble. Proteins and cholesterol also help maintain membrane fluidity.

With the use of its transport proteins, pores and gated channels, embedded among the lipids the membrane maintains its concentration of substances through selective permeability.

Simple diffusion occurs in cells through plasma membranes as a means of passive transport. In osmosis, molecules of water move across the membrane, down their concentration gradient- i.e. they try to balance their concentration or number of water particles.

The water particles move from regions of high concentration to regions of low water concentration. Typically these 'destinations' or regions have large amounts of solute which contributes to the formation of this gradient.