While on a trip through Africa and South America, you notice that the current (as well as fossilized) animals of western Africa and Brazil show highly similar morphologies (body plans). Given your background in General Biology, you suggest that this is MOST likely because of:a) convergent evolution owing to similar evolutionary pressures
b) the climates of Brazil and western Africa are highly similar
c) animals from Africa moved to Brazil during the "Great American Interchange"
d) South America and western Africa were once part of the same land mass
e) the large sizes of Africa and South America have provided many different habitats in which plants and animals could evolve

answer:

D

Explanation:

Pangea

rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic, inflammatory synovitis-based systemic disease of unknown etiology. it is characterized by multiple joints of the hand and foot joints, symmetry, invasive joint inflammation, often accompanied by extra-articular involvement and serum rheumatoid factor positive, which can lead to joint deformity and loss of function.

matrix metalloproteinase-3 (mmp-3) also known as stromelysin-1 and transin (ec 3.4.24.17) cleaves a number of substrates including cartilage proteoglycan, collagen types ii, iii, iv, v and ix, fibronectin, laminin, and can activate mmp 1. mmp-3 is secreted as 57 and 59 kda proenzymes and can be activated in vitro by organomercurials (e.g., 4 aminophenylmercuric acetate, apma) and in vivo by proteases via intermediate forms to a 45 kda active mmp 3 enzyme. further autolysis to a 28 kda form can also occur. mmp-3 is thought to play an important role in pathophysiological degradation processes associated with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer cell invasion.

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