Afive-year, seven-volume study by the russell sage foundation found that:

A five-year, seven-volume study concluded by the Russell sage Foundation in 1999 found that the labor and housing markets are heavily influenced by racial stereotypes and attitudes. The study found that minorities were making less money and working less hours than whites.

A country's ability to meet its financial obligations is the main determinant of its "economic risk". Whether a country will be able to repay debts which it takes on, such as in the form of bond issues, is a key driver of the willingness of investors to make capital contributions to a country, and the return that they expect in exchange for assuming that risk.