is an atom that has a positive or negative change because it has unequal number of protons and element

Charges are because of the electrons in the outer valence shells and whether or not electrons are more likely to be lost or gained

If an atom has a charge of -1
Them when that atom bonds with another element, it will lose its electron - it only has one, it’s so easy to lose. :0

If an atom has +4/-4 electrons it usually covalently bonds because it is halfway

Hope that helps :D

The answer is D. Stabilizing rays
Hope this helps!!!