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How Did We Get Here?
Read the detail.

Roger purposefully drops the rock that kills Piggy.

How does this detail help develop the theme that without anyone to enforce the rules, man will break them?

A. Roger knows that no one can punish him, so he acts without regard for his fellow man.

B. Roger thinks he will be honored for killing Piggy, so he does it.

C. Roger believes that Piggy is a negative force in the group, so he kills him.

D. Roger knows he will be punished, but commits this horrid act anyway.

Real answer A. is Roger knows that no one can punish him, so he acts without regard for his fellow man.

Explanation: I took the test.

D. Hardin uses an ethical appeal to make himself seem trustworthy by admitting that there are "harsh" elements to his argument.

Explanation:

Ethos is the name given to an ethical appeal. This occurs when an author tries to make himself seem trustworthy and knowledgeable about a particular topic in order to be more persuasive. This is one of the most commonly used rhetorical appeals, the other ones being pathos (emotional appeal) and logos (logical appeal). In this case, the fact that the author has admitted that lifeboat ethics can be harsh makes his argument more persuasive.