1. most african nations gained independence after world war ii. in some cases, independence was achieved through peaceful means. in other cases, independence was achieved by violent means, and violence continued in the years after independence. what colonial policies or practices played a part in peaceful or violent transitions to self-rule?

One major colonial policy that had an important effect in this violent and non-violent (in some cases) transition was called apartheid. Apartheid was a system set in South Africa that was designed to demotivate black people from achieving anything and put white people in power.

Franking

Explanation:

Franking refers to the ability of a member of Congress to sign his/her name on an envelope as  postage for that correspondence.