1.
which type of architecture best characterizes the work of late medieval europe?

spanish mosques

romanesque castles

gothic cathedrals

anglo-saxon earthworks

2.
how did the hundred years’ war affect medieval europe?

the longbow and cannon made knights and castles less important.

smaller armies led by feudal vassals became more important.

england became more interested in a continental empire.

france became more interested in trading overseas.

3.
how did the second great schism lead to the end of medieval europe?

it created fertile ground for the black death to spread.

it provided a reason for the church to translate the bible into many languages.

it led reformers such as hus and wycliffe to leave the church.

it caused people to question the authority of the church.

4.
which of the following was the significance of the emergence of a vernacular language in medieval europe?

it suggested a renewed interest in the work of christian scholars.

it suggested a new interest in ordinary people and the stories that entertained and educated them.

it suggested a renewed interest in the works of the ancient greeks and romans.

it suggested a new interest in muslim and jewish scholarship.

5.
which need did the first universities in medieval europe seek to meet?

instruction of knights in the chivalric code

preparation of monarchs to rule

education of the masses

training for members of the clergy

The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne and was punctuated by several brief and two lengthy periods of peace before it finally ended in the expulsion of the English from France, with the exception of the Calais Pale. Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War (1337-1360), the Caroline War (1369-1389), the Lancastrian War (1415-1429), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc, (1429-1453). The term "Hundred Years' War" was a later historical term invented by historians to describe the series of events.

The war owes its historical significance to a number of factors. Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English nationality. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare.

Background

The background to the conflict can be found 400 years earlier, in 911, when Carolingian Charles the Simple allowed the Viking Rollo to settle in a part of his kingdom (a region known afterwards as " Normandy"). In 1066 the " Normans" were led by William the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy) and conquered England, defeating the Anglo-Saxon leadership at the Battle of Hastings, and subsequently installed a new Anglo-Norman power structure. It is important to note for future events that starting with Rollo, Norman leaders were vassals to the King of France, even after they also became kings in England.

Following a period of civil wars and unrest in England known as The Anarchy (1135-1154), the Anglo-Norman dynasty was succeeded by the Angevin Kings. At the height of power the Angevins controlled Normandy and England, along with Maine, Anjou, Touraine, Gascony, Saintonge and Aquitaine. Such assemblage of lands is sometimes known as the Angevin Empire. The king of England, who was still a vassal of the King of France, directly ruled more French territory than the King of France himself. This situation - where the Angevin kings owed vassalage to a ruler who was de facto much weaker - was a cause of continual conflict. The French resolved the situation somewhat in three decisive wars: the conquest of Normandy (1214), the Saintonge War (1242) and finally the War of Saint-Sardos (1324), thus reducing England's hold on the continent to a few small provinces in Gascony and the complete loss of the crown jewel of Normandy. By the early 14th century many in the English aristocracy could still remember a time when their grandparents and great-grandparents had control over wealthy continental regions, such as Normandy, which they also considered their ancestral homeland, and were motivated to regain possession of these territories.

Notably, the Hundred Years' War is seen by many scholars as a chapter in the seemingly perpetual conflict between the English and French nations, as disputes and open war were frequent, which continued as late as the Napoleonic era, and which extended well beyond Europe as the two battled for global empires. The significance of the Hundred Years' war in this context is the rise of nationalism it engendered, compared to earlier medieval conflicts.

describe how the Nazis committed crimes against humanity and peace

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